chore: update README

Signed-off-by: Nikolaos Karaolidis <nick@karaolidis.com>

Cargo.lock

@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"
 name = "fujicli"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
  "clap",
  "libptp",
  "log",

Cargo.toml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ lto           = true
 codegen-units = 1
 
 [dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.100"
 clap = { version = "4.5.48", features = ["derive", "wrap_help"] }
 libptp = "0.6.5"
 log = "0.4.28"

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,21 @@
 # fujicli
 
-A CLI that performs on-device image rendering similar to Fujifilm X RAW Studio
+A CLI to manage Fujifilm devices, simulations, backups, and rendering.
+
+## Status
+
+This tool has only been tested with the **Fujifilm X-T5**, as it is the sole camera I own. While the underlying PTP commands may be compatible with other models, **compatibility is not guaranteed**.
+
+**Use this software at your own risk.** I am not responsible for any damage, loss of data, or other adverse outcomes - physical or psychological - to your camera or equipment resulting from the use of this program.
+
+This project is currently under heavy development. Contributions are welcome. If you own a different Fujifilm camera, testing and reporting compatibility is highly appreciated.
+
+## Resources
+
+This project builds upon the following fantastic reverse-engineering efforts:
+
+* [fujihack](https://github.com/fujihack/fujihack)
+* [fudge](https://github.com/petabyt/fudge)
+* [libpict](https://github.com/petabyt/libpict)
+* [fp](https://github.com/petabyt/fp)
+* [libgphoto2](https://github.com/gphoto/libgphoto2)

src/cli/backup/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::error::Error;
-
 use crate::usb;
 
 use super::common::file::{Input, Output};
@@ -22,35 +20,32 @@ pub enum BackupCmd {
     },
 }
 
-fn handle_export(
+fn handle_export(device_id: Option<&str>, output: &Output) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-    device_id: Option<&str>,
-    output: Output,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     let camera = usb::get_camera(device_id)?;
+    let mut ptp = camera.ptp_session()?;
 
     let mut writer = output.get_writer()?;
-
+    let backup = camera.export_backup(&mut ptp)?;
-    todo!();
+    writer.write_all(&backup)?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn handle_import(
+fn handle_import(device_id: Option<&str>, input: &Input) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-    device_id: Option<&str>,
-    input: Input,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     let camera = usb::get_camera(device_id)?;
+    let mut ptp = camera.ptp_session()?;
 
     let mut reader = input.get_reader()?;
-
+    let mut buffer = Vec::new();
-    todo!();
+    reader.read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
+    camera.import_backup(&mut ptp, &buffer)?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn handle(cmd: BackupCmd, device_id: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+pub fn handle(cmd: BackupCmd, device_id: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
     match cmd {
-        BackupCmd::Export { output_file } => handle_export(device_id, output_file),
+        BackupCmd::Export { output_file } => handle_export(device_id, &output_file),
-        BackupCmd::Import { input_file } => handle_import(device_id, input_file),
+        BackupCmd::Import { input_file } => handle_import(device_id, &input_file),
     }
 }

src/cli/common/file.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::{error::Error, fs::File, io, path::PathBuf, str::FromStr};
+use std::{fs::File, io, path::PathBuf, str::FromStr};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Input {
@@ -7,21 +7,21 @@ pub enum Input {
 }
 
 impl FromStr for Input {
-    type Err = Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>;
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
         if s == "-" {
-            Ok(Input::Stdin)
+            Ok(Self::Stdin)
         } else {
-            Ok(Input::Path(PathBuf::from(s)))
+            Ok(Self::Path(PathBuf::from(s)))
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Input {
-    pub fn get_reader(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn io::Read>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    pub fn get_reader(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn io::Read>, anyhow::Error> {
         match self {
-            Input::Stdin => Ok(Box::new(io::stdin())),
+            Self::Stdin => Ok(Box::new(io::stdin())),
-            Input::Path(path) => Ok(Box::new(File::open(path)?)),
+            Self::Path(path) => Ok(Box::new(File::open(path)?)),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ pub enum Output {
 }
 
 impl FromStr for Output {
-    type Err = Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>;
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
         if s == "-" {
-            Ok(Output::Stdout)
+            Ok(Self::Stdout)
         } else {
-            Ok(Output::Path(PathBuf::from(s)))
+            Ok(Self::Path(PathBuf::from(s)))
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Output {
-    pub fn get_writer(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn io::Write>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    pub fn get_writer(&self) -> Result<Box<dyn io::Write>, anyhow::Error> {
         match self {
-            Output::Stdout => Ok(Box::new(io::stdout())),
+            Self::Stdout => Ok(Box::new(io::stdout())),
-            Output::Path(path) => Ok(Box::new(File::create(path)?)),
+            Self::Path(path) => Ok(Box::new(File::create(path)?)),
         }
     }
 }

src/cli/common/film.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use std::error::Error;
+use anyhow::bail;
-
 use clap::Args;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -9,18 +8,18 @@ pub enum SimulationSelector {
 }
 
 impl std::str::FromStr for SimulationSelector {
-    type Err = Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>;
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
         if let Ok(slot) = s.parse::<u8>() {
-            return Ok(SimulationSelector::Slot(slot));
+            return Ok(Self::Slot(slot));
         }
 
         if s.is_empty() {
-            Err("Simulation name cannot be empty".into())
+            bail!("Simulation name cannot be empty")
-        } else {
-            Ok(SimulationSelector::Name(s.to_string()))
         }
+
+        Ok(Self::Name(s.to_string()))
     }
 }
 

src/cli/device/mod.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-use std::{error::Error, fmt};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use clap::Subcommand;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
 use crate::{
-    hardware::{CameraImpl, FujiUsbMode},
+    hardware::{CameraImpl, UsbMode},
     usb,
 };
 
-#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum DeviceCmd {
     /// List cameras
     #[command(alias = "l")]
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub struct CameraItemRepr {
 
 impl From<&Box<dyn CameraImpl>> for CameraItemRepr {
     fn from(camera: &Box<dyn CameraImpl>) -> Self {
-        CameraItemRepr {
+        Self {
             id: camera.usb_id(),
             name: camera.id().name.to_string(),
             vendor_id: format!("0x{:04x}", camera.id().vendor),
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ impl fmt::Display for CameraItemRepr {
     }
 }
 
-fn handle_list(json: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn handle_list(json: bool) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
     let cameras: Vec<CameraItemRepr> = usb::get_connected_camers()?
         .iter()
-        .map(|d| d.into())
+        .map(std::convert::Into::into)
         .collect();
 
     if json {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn handle_list(json: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
 
     println!("Connected cameras:");
     for d in cameras {
-        println!("- {}", d);
+        println!("- {d}");
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub struct CameraRepr {
     pub model: String,
     pub device_version: String,
     pub serial_number: String,
-    pub mode: FujiUsbMode,
+    pub mode: UsbMode,
     pub battery: u32,
 }
 
@@ -103,19 +103,22 @@ impl fmt::Display for CameraRepr {
     }
 }
 
-fn handle_info(json: bool, device_id: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn handle_info(json: bool, device_id: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-    let mut camera = usb::get_camera(device_id)?;
+    let camera = usb::get_camera(device_id)?;
+    let mut ptp = camera.ptp();
 
-    let info = camera.get_info()?;
+    let info = camera.get_info(&mut ptp)?;
-    let mode = camera.get_fuji_usb_mode()?;
+
-    let battery = camera.get_fuji_battery_info()?;
+    let mut ptp = camera.open_session(ptp)?;
+    let mode = camera.get_usb_mode(&mut ptp)?;
+    let battery = camera.get_battery_info(&mut ptp)?;
 
     let repr = CameraRepr {
         device: (&camera).into(),
         manufacturer: info.Manufacturer.clone(),
         model: info.Model.clone(),
         device_version: info.DeviceVersion.clone(),
-        serial_number: info.SerialNumber.clone(),
+        serial_number: info.SerialNumber,
         mode,
         battery,
     };
@@ -125,15 +128,11 @@ fn handle_info(json: bool, device_id: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    println!("{}", repr);
+    println!("{repr}");
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn handle(
+pub fn handle(cmd: DeviceCmd, json: bool, device_id: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-    cmd: DeviceCmd,
-    json: bool,
-    device_id: Option<&str>,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     match cmd {
         DeviceCmd::List => handle_list(json),
         DeviceCmd::Info => handle_info(json, device_id),

src/hardware/mod.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
-use std::{error::Error, fmt, time::Duration};
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    time::Duration,
+};
 
+use anyhow::bail;
 use libptp::{DeviceInfo, StandardCommandCode};
-use log::debug;
+use log::{debug, error};
 use rusb::{DeviceDescriptor, GlobalContext};
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-mod xt5;
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct CameraId {
     pub name: &'static str,
@@ -14,16 +17,16 @@ pub struct CameraId {
     pub product: u16,
 }
 
+type CameraFactory = fn(rusb::Device<GlobalContext>) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, anyhow::Error>;
+
 pub struct SupportedCamera {
     pub id: CameraId,
-    pub factory: fn(
+    pub factory: CameraFactory,
-        rusb::Device<GlobalContext>,
-    ) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>,
 }
 
 pub const SUPPORTED_CAMERAS: &[SupportedCamera] = &[SupportedCamera {
-    id: xt5::FUJIFILM_XT5,
+    id: FUJIFILM_XT5,
-    factory: |d| xt5::FujifilmXT5::new_boxed(d),
+    factory: |d| FujifilmXT5::new_boxed(&d),
 }];
 
 impl SupportedCamera {
@@ -41,43 +44,106 @@ pub enum DevicePropCode {
     FujiBatteryInfo2 = 0xD36B,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum FujiUsbMode {
+pub enum UsbMode {
-    RawConversion, // mode == 6
+    RawConversion,
     Unsupported,
 }
 
-impl From<u32> for FujiUsbMode {
+impl From<u32> for UsbMode {
     fn from(val: u32) -> Self {
         match val {
-            6 => FujiUsbMode::RawConversion,
+            6 => Self::RawConversion,
-            _ => FujiUsbMode::Unsupported,
+            _ => Self::Unsupported,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for FujiUsbMode {
+impl fmt::Display for UsbMode {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let s = match self {
-            FujiUsbMode::RawConversion => "USB RAW CONV./BACKUP RESTORE",
+            Self::RawConversion => "USB RAW CONV./BACKUP RESTORE",
-            FujiUsbMode::Unsupported => "Unsupported USB Mode",
+            Self::Unsupported => "Unsupported USB Mode",
         };
-        write!(f, "{}", s)
+        write!(f, "{s}")
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Ptp {
+    ptp: libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>,
+}
+
+impl Deref for Ptp {
+    type Target = libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.ptp
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for Ptp {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.ptp
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>> for Ptp {
+    fn from(ptp: libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>) -> Self {
+        Self { ptp }
+    }
+}
+
+type SessionCloseFn =
+    Box<dyn FnOnce(u32, &mut libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error>>;
+
+pub struct PtpSession {
+    ptp: libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>,
+    session_id: u32,
+    close_fn: Option<SessionCloseFn>,
+}
+
+impl Deref for PtpSession {
+    type Target = libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.ptp
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for PtpSession {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.ptp
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for PtpSession {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(close_fn) = self.close_fn.take() {
+            if let Err(e) = close_fn(self.session_id, &mut self.ptp) {
+                error!("Error closing session {}: {}", self.session_id, e);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
 pub trait CameraImpl {
     fn id(&self) -> &'static CameraId;
 
-    fn usb_id(&self) -> String;
+    fn device(&self) -> &rusb::Device<rusb::GlobalContext>;
 
-    fn ptp(&self) -> libptp::Camera<GlobalContext>;
+    fn usb_id(&self) -> String {
+        let bus = self.device().bus_number();
+        let address = self.device().address();
+        format!("{bus}.{address}")
+    }
 
-    fn get_info(&self) -> Result<DeviceInfo, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn ptp(&self) -> Ptp;
+
+    fn ptp_session(&self) -> Result<PtpSession, anyhow::Error>;
+
+    fn get_info(&self, ptp: &mut Ptp) -> Result<DeviceInfo, anyhow::Error> {
         debug!("Sending GetDeviceInfo command");
-        let response =
+        let response = ptp.command(StandardCommandCode::GetDeviceInfo, &[], None, Some(TIMEOUT))?;
-            self.ptp()
-                .command(StandardCommandCode::GetDeviceInfo, &[], None, Some(TIMEOUT))?;
         debug!("Received response with {} bytes", response.len());
 
         let info = DeviceInfo::decode(&response)?;
@@ -86,46 +152,47 @@ pub trait CameraImpl {
 
     fn next_session_id(&self) -> u32;
 
-    fn open_session(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn open_session(&self, ptp: Ptp) -> Result<PtpSession, anyhow::Error> {
         let session_id = self.next_session_id();
+        let mut ptp = ptp.ptp;
 
-        debug!("Opening new session with id {}", session_id);
+        debug!("Opening session with id {session_id}");
-        self.ptp().command(
+        ptp.command(
             StandardCommandCode::OpenSession,
             &[session_id],
             None,
             Some(TIMEOUT),
         )?;
+        debug!("Session {session_id} open");
 
-        Ok(())
+        let close_fn: Option<SessionCloseFn> = Some(Box::new(move |_, ptp| {
-    }
+            debug!("Closing session with id {session_id}");
+            ptp.command(StandardCommandCode::CloseSession, &[], None, Some(TIMEOUT))?;
+            debug!("Session {session_id} closed");
+            Ok(())
+        }));
 
-    fn close_session(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+        Ok(PtpSession {
-        debug!("Closing session");
+            ptp,
-        self.ptp()
+            session_id,
-            .command(StandardCommandCode::CloseSession, &[], None, Some(TIMEOUT))?;
+            close_fn,
-
+        })
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn get_prop_value_raw(
         &self,
+        ptp: &mut PtpSession,
         prop: DevicePropCode,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, anyhow::Error> {
-        self.open_session()?;
+        debug!("Getting property {prop:?}");
 
-        debug!("Getting property {:?}", prop);
+        let response = ptp.command(
-
-        let response = self.ptp().command(
             StandardCommandCode::GetDevicePropValue,
             &[prop as u32],
             None,
             Some(TIMEOUT),
-        );
+        )?;
 
-        self.close_session()?;
-
-        let response = response?;
         debug!("Received response with {} bytes", response.len());
 
         Ok(response)
@@ -133,29 +200,30 @@ pub trait CameraImpl {
 
     fn get_prop_value_scalar(
         &self,
+        ptp: &mut PtpSession,
         prop: DevicePropCode,
-    ) -> Result<u32, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ) -> Result<u32, anyhow::Error> {
-        let data = self.get_prop_value_raw(prop)?;
+        let data = self.get_prop_value_raw(ptp, prop)?;
 
         match data.len() {
-            1 => Ok(data[0] as u32),
+            1 => Ok(u32::from(data[0])),
-            2 => Ok(u16::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1]]) as u32),
+            2 => Ok(u32::from(u16::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1]]))),
             4 => Ok(u32::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]])),
-            n => Err(format!("Cannot parse property {:?} as scalar: {} bytes", prop, n).into()),
+            n => bail!("Cannot parse property {prop:?} as scalar: {n} bytes"),
         }
     }
 
-    fn get_fuji_usb_mode(&self) -> Result<FujiUsbMode, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn get_usb_mode(&self, ptp: &mut PtpSession) -> Result<UsbMode, anyhow::Error> {
-        let result = self.get_prop_value_scalar(DevicePropCode::FujiUsbMode)?;
+        let result = self.get_prop_value_scalar(ptp, DevicePropCode::FujiUsbMode)?;
         Ok(result.into())
     }
 
-    fn get_fuji_battery_info(&self) -> Result<u32, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn get_battery_info(&self, ptp: &mut PtpSession) -> Result<u32, anyhow::Error> {
-        let data = self.get_prop_value_raw(DevicePropCode::FujiBatteryInfo2)?;
+        let data = self.get_prop_value_raw(ptp, DevicePropCode::FujiBatteryInfo2)?;
-        debug!("Raw battery data: {:?}", data);
+        debug!("Raw battery data: {data:?}");
 
         if data.len() < 3 {
-            return Err("Battery info payload too short".into());
+            bail!("Battery info payload too short");
         }
 
         let utf16: Vec<u16> = data[1..]
@@ -164,17 +232,153 @@ pub trait CameraImpl {
             .take_while(|&c| c != 0)
             .collect();
 
-        debug!("Decoded UTF-16 units: {:?}", utf16);
+        debug!("Decoded UTF-16 units: {utf16:?}");
 
         let utf8_string = String::from_utf16(&utf16)?;
-        debug!("Decoded UTF-16 string: {}", utf8_string);
+        debug!("Decoded UTF-16 string: {utf8_string}");
 
         let percentage: u32 = utf8_string
             .split(',')
             .next()
-            .ok_or("Failed to parse battery percentage")?
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse battery percentage"))?
             .parse()?;
 
         Ok(percentage)
     }
+
+    fn export_backup(&self, ptp: &mut PtpSession) -> Result<Vec<u8>, anyhow::Error> {
+        const HANDLE: u32 = 0x0;
+
+        debug!("Getting object info for backup");
+
+        let info = ptp.command(
+            StandardCommandCode::GetObjectInfo,
+            &[HANDLE],
+            None,
+            Some(TIMEOUT),
+        )?;
+
+        debug!("Got object info, {} bytes", info.len());
+
+        debug!("Downloading backup object");
+
+        let object = ptp.command(
+            StandardCommandCode::GetObject,
+            &[HANDLE],
+            None,
+            Some(TIMEOUT),
+        )?;
+
+        debug!("Downloaded backup object ({} bytes)", object.len());
+
+        Ok(object)
+    }
+
+    fn import_backup(&self, ptp: &mut PtpSession, buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+        todo!("This is currently broken");
+
+        debug!("Preparing ObjectInfo header for backup");
+
+        let mut obj_info = vec![0u8; 1088];
+        let mut offset = 0;
+
+        let padding0: u32 = 0x0;
+        let object_format: u16 = 0x5000;
+        let padding1: u16 = 0x0;
+
+        obj_info[offset..offset + size_of::<u32>()].copy_from_slice(&padding0.to_le_bytes());
+        offset += size_of::<u32>();
+        obj_info[offset..offset + size_of::<u16>()].copy_from_slice(&object_format.to_le_bytes());
+        offset += size_of::<u16>();
+        obj_info[offset..offset + size_of::<u16>()].copy_from_slice(&padding1.to_le_bytes());
+        offset += size_of::<u16>();
+        obj_info[offset..offset + size_of::<u32>()]
+            .copy_from_slice(&u32::try_from(buffer.len())?.to_le_bytes());
+
+        let param0: u32 = 0x0;
+        let param1: u32 = 0x0;
+
+        debug!("Sending ObjectInfo for backup");
+
+        ptp.command(
+            libptp::StandardCommandCode::SendObjectInfo,
+            &[param0, param1],
+            Some(&obj_info),
+            Some(TIMEOUT),
+        )?;
+
+        debug!("Sending backup payload ({} bytes)", buffer.len());
+
+        ptp.command(
+            libptp::StandardCommandCode::SendObject,
+            &[],
+            Some(buffer),
+            Some(TIMEOUT),
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
+
+macro_rules! default_camera_impl {
+    (
+        $const_name:ident,
+        $struct_name:ident,
+        $vendor:expr,
+        $product:expr,
+        $display_name:expr
+    ) => {
+        pub const $const_name: CameraId = CameraId {
+            name: $display_name,
+            vendor: $vendor,
+            product: $product,
+        };
+
+        pub struct $struct_name {
+            device: rusb::Device<rusb::GlobalContext>,
+            session_counter: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32,
+        }
+
+        impl $struct_name {
+            pub fn new_boxed(
+                rusb_device: &rusb::Device<rusb::GlobalContext>,
+            ) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, anyhow::Error> {
+                let session_counter = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(1);
+
+                let handle = rusb_device.open()?;
+                let device = handle.device();
+
+                Ok(Box::new(Self {
+                    device,
+                    session_counter,
+                }))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl CameraImpl for $struct_name {
+            fn id(&self) -> &'static CameraId {
+                &$const_name
+            }
+
+            fn device(&self) -> &rusb::Device<rusb::GlobalContext> {
+                &self.device
+            }
+
+            fn ptp(&self) -> Ptp {
+                libptp::Camera::new(&self.device).unwrap().into()
+            }
+
+            fn ptp_session(&self) -> Result<PtpSession, anyhow::Error> {
+                let ptp = self.ptp();
+                self.open_session(ptp)
+            }
+
+            fn next_session_id(&self) -> u32 {
+                self.session_counter
+                    .fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+default_camera_impl!(FUJIFILM_XT5, FujifilmXT5, 0x04cb, 0x02fc, "FUJIFILM XT-5");

src/hardware/xt5.rs

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering},
-};
-
-use rusb::GlobalContext;
-
-use super::{CameraId, CameraImpl};
-
-pub const FUJIFILM_XT5: CameraId = CameraId {
-    name: "FUJIFILM XT-5",
-    vendor: 0x04cb,
-    product: 0x02fc,
-};
-
-pub struct FujifilmXT5 {
-    device: rusb::Device<GlobalContext>,
-    session_counter: AtomicU32,
-}
-
-impl FujifilmXT5 {
-    pub fn new_boxed(
-        rusb_device: rusb::Device<GlobalContext>,
-    ) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
-        let session_counter = AtomicU32::new(1);
-
-        let handle = rusb_device.open()?;
-        let device = handle.device();
-
-        Ok(Box::new(Self {
-            session_counter,
-            device,
-        }))
-    }
-}
-
-impl CameraImpl for FujifilmXT5 {
-    fn id(&self) -> &'static CameraId {
-        &FUJIFILM_XT5
-    }
-
-    fn usb_id(&self) -> String {
-        let bus = self.device.bus_number();
-        let address = self.device.address();
-        format!("{}.{}", bus, address)
-    }
-
-    fn ptp(&self) -> libptp::Camera<rusb::GlobalContext> {
-        libptp::Camera::new(&self.device).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn next_session_id(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.session_counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
-    }
-}

src/log.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::error::Error;
-
 use log::LevelFilter;
 use log4rs::{
     Config,
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@ use log4rs::{
     encode::pattern::PatternEncoder,
 };
 
-pub fn init(quiet: bool, verbose: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+pub fn init(quiet: bool, verbose: bool) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
     let level = if quiet {
         LevelFilter::Warn
     } else if verbose {

src/main.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use std::error::Error;
+#![warn(clippy::all, clippy::pedantic, clippy::nursery)]
+#![allow(clippy::missing_docs_in_private_items)]
 
 use clap::Parser;
 use cli::Commands;
@@ -8,15 +9,16 @@ mod hardware;
 mod log;
 mod usb;
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
     let cli = cli::Cli::parse();
 
     log::init(cli.quiet, cli.verbose)?;
 
+    let device_id = cli.device.as_deref();
+
     match cli.command {
-        Commands::Device(device_cmd) => {
+        Commands::Device(device_cmd) => cli::device::handle(device_cmd, cli.json, device_id)?,
-            cli::device::handle(device_cmd, cli.json, cli.device.as_deref())?
+        Commands::Backup(backup_cmd) => cli::backup::handle(backup_cmd, device_id)?,
-        }
         _ => todo!(),
     }
 

src/usb/mod.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
-use std::error::Error;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail};
 
 use crate::hardware::{CameraImpl, SUPPORTED_CAMERAS};
 
-pub fn get_connected_camers()
+pub fn get_connected_camers() -> Result<Vec<Box<dyn crate::hardware::CameraImpl>>, anyhow::Error> {
--> Result<Vec<Box<dyn crate::hardware::CameraImpl>>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     let mut connected_cameras = Vec::new();
 
     for device in rusb::devices()?.iter() {
-        let descriptor = match device.device_descriptor() {
+        let Ok(descriptor) = device.device_descriptor() else {
-            Ok(d) => d,
+            continue;
-            Err(_) => continue,
         };
 
-        for camera in SUPPORTED_CAMERAS.iter() {
+        for camera in SUPPORTED_CAMERAS {
             if camera.matches_descriptor(&descriptor) {
                 let camera = (camera.factory)(device)?;
                 connected_cameras.push(camera);
@@ -24,12 +22,10 @@ pub fn get_connected_camers()
     Ok(connected_cameras)
 }
 
-pub fn get_connected_camera_by_id(
+pub fn get_connected_camera_by_id(id: &str) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, anyhow::Error> {
-    id: &str,
-) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     let parts: Vec<&str> = id.split('.').collect();
     if parts.len() != 2 {
-        return Err(format!("Invalid device id format: {}", id).into());
+        bail!("Invalid device id format: {id}");
     }
 
     let bus: u8 = parts[0].parse()?;
@@ -39,28 +35,26 @@ pub fn get_connected_camera_by_id(
         if device.bus_number() == bus && device.address() == address {
             let descriptor = device.device_descriptor()?;
 
-            for camera in SUPPORTED_CAMERAS.iter() {
+            for camera in SUPPORTED_CAMERAS {
                 if camera.matches_descriptor(&descriptor) {
                     let camera = (camera.factory)(device)?;
                     return Ok(camera);
                 }
             }
 
-            return Err(format!("Device found at {} but is not supported", id).into());
+            bail!("Device found at {id} but is not supported");
         }
     }
 
-    Err(format!("No device found with id: {}", id).into())
+    bail!("No device found with id: {id}");
 }
 
-pub fn get_camera(
+pub fn get_camera(device_id: Option<&str>) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, anyhow::Error> {
-    device_id: Option<&str>,
-) -> Result<Box<dyn CameraImpl>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     match device_id {
         Some(id) => get_connected_camera_by_id(id),
         None => get_connected_camers()?
             .into_iter()
             .next()
-            .ok_or_else(|| "No supported devices connected.".into()),
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("No supported devices connected.")),
     }
 }